This chapter examines cooperation activity sector by sector and note increasing activity in certain economic sectors with numerous, divese actors, most notably in appliances, transportation and buildings. There is a trend in the industrial sector from 'hard' technology cooperation (e.g., technology transfer) to 'soft' cooperation involving capacity building and policy tools such as voluntary agreements and energy management systems.To date, a great deal of energy-related development cooperation has focused on expanding energy supply, such as large-scale infrastructure projects: power plants, dams, transmission and distribution lines. In contrast, energy efficiency and conservation efforts involve energy end-users as well as energy suppliers. Energy conservation cuts across several economic sectors and a more disperse set of organizations and individuals, from energy-intensive industries and appliance and automobile manufacturers, to retail stores, local agencies that issue building codes and permits, and individual consumers and motorists. To induce change among this disperse set of actors, an inherently different approach is needed—an approach that creates requirements and incentives for change—change in behavior, management, operation practices, and technology.

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